Reference #406: Organizational Culture and Leadership
Culture covers "pretty much everything" a group has learnt as it evolved. Culture exists at many levels of observability, arranged roughly as follows from most to least observable:
- Observed behavioural regularities within interactions
- Clinmate: how members interact with themeselves and others
- Formal rituals and celebrations
- Espoused values
- Formal philosophy: the broad policies and principles that guide action
- Group norms
- The unwritten rules for how things are done
- Identity and images of self
- Embedded skills: competencies displayed in certain tasks, and the ability for these to be passed down
- Habits of thinking; mental models; linguistic paradigms
- Shared meanings
- Root metaphors
Schein. Organizational Culture and Leadership, 2017. (3-5)